Scientists are advancing artificial photosynthesis systems that mimic how plants use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and fuel.

Unlike traditional systems that require electricity, these new technologies directly harness sunlight through specialized semiconductors and catalysts.

This approach offers a more energy-efficient method, ideal for environments where resources are limited, such as outer space.

Recent breakthroughs include successful demonstrations aboard China’s Tiangong space station, where astronauts used artificial photosynthesis to generate both breathable oxygen and ethylene, a hydrocarbon that can be converted into rocket fuel.

The system worked inside a small, drawer-like device that operated with low energy input, making it a viable option for spacecraft and lunar or Martian habitats.

European researchers are also working on similar technologies, testing them for use on the Moon and Mars.

These devices don’t require external power sources and could be enhanced with solar concentrators to work under weaker sunlight conditions. Such systems pave the way for self-sustaining missions by allowing astronauts to produce essential resources on-site, reducing dependence on Earth-based resupply missions.

Overall, artificial photosynthesis is emerging as a critical innovation for the future of space exploration.

It holds the potential to make long-term missions more cost-effective, environmentally stable, and feasible by enabling life support and fuel production in space.