The Spanish government, led by Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, has officially ruled out any participation in military missions in the Strait. Defense Minister Margarita Robles and Foreign Minister José Manuel Albares have labeled the current U.S.-led military actions as "illegal" and "reckless."

​Spain refuses to allow NATO as an organization to launch a collective mission. Since NATO operates on consensus, Spain’s opposition (along with countries like Germany and Italy) effectively blocks a formal NATO-branded operation.

​Airspace and Base Restrictions: Spain has gone further than just a diplomatic "no." They have banned U.S. military aircraft from using jointly operated bases in southern Spain and have closed Spanish airspace to flights involved in the Middle East strikes.

Reuters